Biological sex, being female or male, broadly influences diverse immune phenotypes,
including immune responses to diseases at mucosal surfaces. Sex hormones, sex
chromosomes, sexual dimorphism, and gender differences all contribute to how an
organism will respond to diseases of the urinary tract, such as bladder infection or cancer.
Although the incidence of urinary tract infection is strongly sex biased, rates of infection
change over a lifetime in women and men, suggesting that accompanying changes in the …